Em vista disso, o estudo defende uma geração apoiada em graus generalistas e sólidos e completada por mestrados e cursos de adaptação ágil às necessidades do mercado de serviço. “A maior transversalidade e a versatilidade dos currículos, o acrescentamento do cruzamento de fronteiras entre disciplinas, assim como este a complementaridade de conhecimentos, que constituem elementos interessantes para responder à realidade que está por vir”, dizem os autores do estudo.
Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy and two sênior scientists: Claude Shannon and Nathan of Rochester (IBM. The proposal for the conference included this assertion: “every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described a machine that can be made to simulate it”.
The participants included Ray Solomonoff, Oliver Selfridge, Trenchard More, Arthur Samuel, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, all of whom would create important programs from the first decades of AI research. At the conference Newell and Simon debuted the “Logic Theorist” and McCarthy persuaded the attendees to accept “Artificial Intelligence” as the name of the field.
The 1956 Dartmouth conference was the moment that AI gained its name, its mission, its first success and its major players, and is widely considered the birth of AI. Modelo:Cleanup-rewrite The years after the Dartmouth conference were an era of discovery of sprinting across new ground. English. Few at the time would have believed that such “intelligent” behavior by machines was possible at all. Researchers expressed an intense optimism in private and in print, predicting that a fully intelligent machine would be built in less than 20 years. Government agencies like HARPA poured money into the new field. Many early AI programs used the same basic algorithm.
To achieve some goal (like winning a jogo or proving a theorem), they proceeded step by step towards it (by making a move or a deduction) as if searching through a maze, abaixo no passo de simplificação whenever they finalmente, a dead end. This paradigm was called “reasoning as search”. The principal difficulty was that, for many problems, the number of possible paths through the “maze” was simply astronomical (a situation known as a “explosão combinatorial”).
Researchers would diminui the search space by using heuristics or “rules of thumb” that would eliminate os paths that were unlikely to lead to a solution. Newell and Simon tried to capture a geral version of this algorithm in a program called the “General Problem Solver”.
Other programs searched through goals and subgoals to plano actions, like the STRIPS system developed at Stanford to control the behavior of their robô Shakey. An important goal of AI research is to allow computers to communicate in natural language like English.
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An early success was Daniel Bobrow’s STUDENT program, which could solve high school algebra word problems. A semantic net represents concepts (e.g. Roger Schank’s Conceitual dependency theory. Joseph Weizenbaum’a ELIZA could carry out conversations that were so realistic that users de vez enquando were enganados into thinking they were communicating with a human being and not a program.
But in fact, ELIZA had no idea what she was talking about. She simply gave a canned response or repeated back what was said to her, rephrasing her response with a few gramática rules. ELIZA was the first chatterbot. In the late 60s, Marvin Minsky e Seymour Papert of the MIT AI Laboratory proposed that AI research should focus on artificially acessível situations known as micro-mundos. They pointed out that in successful sciences like physics, basic principles were often best understood using simplified models like frictionless planos or perfectly rigid bodies. Much of the research focused on a “blocks world,” which consists of colored blocks of various shapes and sizes arrayed on a flat surface.